\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\)
\(\def \LWRfootnote {1}\)
\(\newcommand {\footnote }[2][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\footnotemark }[1][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\)
\(\let \LWRorighspace \hspace \)
\(\renewcommand {\hspace }{\ifstar \LWRorighspace \LWRorighspace }\)
\(\newcommand {\TextOrMath }[2]{#2}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathnormal }[1]{{#1}}\)
\(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRframebox }[2][]{\fbox {#2}} \newcommand {\framebox }[1][]{\LWRframebox } \)
\(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\addtolength }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\setcounter }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\addtocounter }[2]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\arabic }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\number }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\noalign }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\)
\(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\)
\(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\)
\(\newcommand {\protect }{}\)
\(\def \LWRabsorbnumber #1 {}\)
\(\def \LWRabsorbquotenumber "#1 {}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRabsorboption }[1][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRabsorbtwooptions }[1][]{\LWRabsorboption }\)
\(\def \mathchar {\ifnextchar "\LWRabsorbquotenumber \LWRabsorbnumber }\)
\(\def \mathcode #1={\mathchar }\)
\(\let \delcode \mathcode \)
\(\let \delimiter \mathchar \)
\(\def \oe {\unicode {x0153}}\)
\(\def \OE {\unicode {x0152}}\)
\(\def \ae {\unicode {x00E6}}\)
\(\def \AE {\unicode {x00C6}}\)
\(\def \aa {\unicode {x00E5}}\)
\(\def \AA {\unicode {x00C5}}\)
\(\def \o {\unicode {x00F8}}\)
\(\def \O {\unicode {x00D8}}\)
\(\def \l {\unicode {x0142}}\)
\(\def \L {\unicode {x0141}}\)
\(\def \ss {\unicode {x00DF}}\)
\(\def \SS {\unicode {x1E9E}}\)
\(\def \dag {\unicode {x2020}}\)
\(\def \ddag {\unicode {x2021}}\)
\(\def \P {\unicode {x00B6}}\)
\(\def \copyright {\unicode {x00A9}}\)
\(\def \pounds {\unicode {x00A3}}\)
\(\let \LWRref \ref \)
\(\renewcommand {\ref }{\ifstar \LWRref \LWRref }\)
\( \newcommand {\multicolumn }[3]{#3}\)
\(\require {textcomp}\)
\(\newcommand {\toprule }[1][]{\hline }\)
\(\let \midrule \toprule \)
\(\let \bottomrule \toprule \)
\(\def \LWRbooktabscmidruleparen (#1)#2{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\cmidrule }[1][]{\ifnextchar (\LWRbooktabscmidruleparen \LWRbooktabscmidrulenoparen }\)
\(\newcommand {\morecmidrules }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\specialrule }[3]{\hline }\)
\(\newcommand {\addlinespace }[1][]{}\)
\(\def \LWRpagenote {1}\)
\(\newcommand {\pagenote }[2][\LWRpagenote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\)
\(\require {colortbl}\)
\(\let \LWRorigcolumncolor \columncolor \)
\(\renewcommand {\columncolor }[2][named]{\LWRorigcolumncolor [#1]{#2}\LWRabsorbtwooptions }\)
\(\let \LWRorigrowcolor \rowcolor \)
\(\renewcommand {\rowcolor }[2][named]{\LWRorigrowcolor [#1]{#2}\LWRabsorbtwooptions }\)
\(\let \LWRorigcellcolor \cellcolor \)
\(\renewcommand {\cellcolor }[2][named]{\LWRorigcellcolor [#1]{#2}\LWRabsorbtwooptions }\)
\(\require {cancel}\)
\(\newcommand {\intertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\)
\(\let \Hat \hat \)
\(\let \Check \check \)
\(\let \Tilde \tilde \)
\(\let \Acute \acute \)
\(\let \Grave \grave \)
\(\let \Dot \dot \)
\(\let \Ddot \ddot \)
\(\let \Breve \breve \)
\(\let \Bar \bar \)
\(\let \Vec \vec \)
\(\require {mathtools}\)
\(\newcommand {\vcentcolon }{\mathrel {\unicode {x2236}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\approxcolon }{\approx \vcentcolon }\)
\(\newcommand {\Approxcolon }{\approx \dblcolon }\)
\(\newcommand {\simcolon }{\sim \vcentcolon }\)
\(\newcommand {\Simcolon }{\sim \dblcolon }\)
\(\newcommand {\dashcolon }{\mathrel {-}\vcentcolon }\)
\(\newcommand {\Dashcolon }{\mathrel {-}\dblcolon }\)
\(\newcommand {\colondash }{\vcentcolon \mathrel {-}}\)
\(\newcommand {\Colondash }{\dblcolon \mathrel {-}}\)
\(\newenvironment {crampedsubarray}[1]{}{}\)
\(\newcommand {\smashoperator }[2][]{#2\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\SwapAboveDisplaySkip }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LaTeXunderbrace }[1]{\underbrace {#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\LaTeXoverbrace }[1]{\overbrace {#1}}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xLongleftarrow {10,10}{0x21D0}\)
\(\Newextarrow \xLongrightarrow {10,10}{0x21D2}\)
\(\let \xlongleftarrow \xleftarrow \)
\(\let \xlongrightarrow \xrightarrow \)
\(\newcommand {\LWRmultlined }[1][]{\begin {multline*}}\)
\(\newenvironment {multlined}[1][]{\LWRmultlined }{\end {multline*}}\)
\(\let \LWRorigshoveleft \shoveleft \)
\(\renewcommand {\shoveleft }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveleft }\)
\(\let \LWRorigshoveright \shoveright \)
\(\renewcommand {\shoveright }[1][]{\LWRorigshoveright }\)
\(\newcommand {\shortintertext }[1]{\text {#1}\notag \\}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRnicearrayarray }[1]{\begin {array}{#1}}\)
\(\def \LWRnicearrayarrayopt #1[#2] {\begin {array}{#1}}\)
\(\newenvironment {NiceArray}[2][]{\ifnextchar [{\LWRnicearrayarrayopt {#2}}{\LWRnicearrayarray {#2}}}{\end {array}}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRnicearraywithdelimtwo }[2][]{\ifnextchar [{\LWRnicearrayarrayopt {#2}}{\LWRnicearrayarray {#2}}}\)
\(\newenvironment {NiceArrayWithDelims}[2]{\def \LWRnicearrayrightdelim {\right #2}\left #1\LWRnicearraywithdelimtwo }{\end {array}\LWRnicearrayrightdelim }\)
\(\newenvironment {pNiceArray} {\begin {NiceArrayWithDelims}{(}{)}} {\end {NiceArrayWithDelims}} \)
\(\newenvironment {bNiceArray} {\begin {NiceArrayWithDelims}{[}{]}} {\end {NiceArrayWithDelims}} \)
\(\newenvironment {BNiceArray} {\begin {NiceArrayWithDelims}{\{}{\}}} {\end {NiceArrayWithDelims}} \)
\(\newenvironment {vNiceArray} {\begin {NiceArrayWithDelims}{\vert }{\vert }} {\end {NiceArrayWithDelims}} \)
\(\newenvironment {VNiceArray} {\begin {NiceArrayWithDelims}{\Vert }{\Vert }} {\end {NiceArrayWithDelims}} \)
\(\newenvironment {NiceMatrix}[1][]{\begin {matrix}}{\end {matrix}}\)
\(\newenvironment {pNiceMatrix}[1][]{\begin {pmatrix}}{\end {pmatrix}}\)
\(\newenvironment {bNiceMatrix}[1][]{\begin {bmatrix}}{\end {bmatrix}}\)
\(\newenvironment {BNiceMatrix}[1][]{\begin {Bmatrix}}{\end {Bmatrix}}\)
\(\newenvironment {vNiceMatrix}[1][]{\begin {vmatrix}}{\end {vmatrix}}\)
\(\newenvironment {VNiceMatrix}[1][]{\begin {Vmatrix}}{\end {Vmatrix}}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRnicematrixBlock }[1]{#1}\)
\(\def \LWRnicematrixBlockopt <#1>#2{#2}\)
\(\newcommand {\Block }[2][]{\ifnextchar <\LWRnicematrixBlockopt \LWRnicematrixBlock }\)
\(\newcommand {\diagbox }[2]{\begin {array}{l}\hfill \quad #2\\\hline #1\quad \hfill \end {array}}\)
\(\let \hdottedline \hdashline \)
\(\newcommand {\Hline }[1][]{\hline }\)
\(\newcommand {\CodeBefore }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\Body }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\CodeAfter }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\line }[3][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\RowStyle }[2][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRSubMatrix }[1][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\SubMatrix }[4]{\LWRSubMatrix }\)
\(\newcommand {\OverBrace }[4][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\UnderBrace }[4][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\HBrace }[3][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\VBrace }[3][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\ShowCellNames }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tabularnote }[2][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\cellcolor }[3][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\rowcolor }[3][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\LWRrowcolors }[1][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\rowcolors }[4][]{\LWRrowcolors }\)
\(\newcommand {\rowlistcolors }[3][]{\LWRrowcolors }\)
\(\newcommand {\columncolor }[3][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\rectanglecolor }[4][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\arraycolor }[2][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\chessboardcolors }[3][]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\ldots }[1][]{\dots }\)
\(\newcommand {\Cdots }[1][]{\cdots }\)
\(\newcommand {\Vdots }[1][]{\vdots }\)
\(\newcommand {\Ddots }[1][]{\ddots }\)
\(\newcommand {\Iddots }[1][]{\mathinner {\unicode {x22F0}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\Hdotsfor }[1]{\ldots }\)
\(\newcommand {\Vdotsfor }[1]{\vdots }\)
\(\newcommand {\AutoNiceMatrix }[2]{\text {(AutoNiceMatrix #1)}}\)
\(\let \pAutoNiceMatrix \AutoNiceMatrix \)
\(\let \bAutoNiceMatrix \AutoNiceMatrix \)
\(\let \BAutoNiceMatrix \AutoNiceMatrix \)
\(\let \vAutoNiceMatrix \AutoNiceMatrix \)
\(\let \VAutoNiceMatrix \AutoNiceMatrix \)
\(\newcommand {\tcbset }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbsetforeverylayer }[1]{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbox }[2][]{\boxed {\text {#2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcboxfit }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcblower }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbline }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbtitle }{}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbsubtitle [2][]{\mathrm {#2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcboxmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\newcommand {\tcbhighmath }[2][]{\boxed {#2}}\)
\(\let \symnormal \mathit \)
\(\let \symliteral \mathrm \)
\(\let \symbb \mathbb \)
\(\let \symbbit \mathbb \)
\(\let \symcal \mathcal \)
\(\let \symscr \mathscr \)
\(\let \symfrak \mathfrak \)
\(\let \symsfup \mathsf \)
\(\let \symsfit \mathit \)
\(\let \symbfsf \mathbf \)
\(\let \symbfup \mathbf \)
\(\newcommand {\symbfit }[1]{\boldsymbol {#1}}\)
\(\let \symbfcal \mathcal \)
\(\let \symbfscr \mathscr \)
\(\let \symbffrak \mathfrak \)
\(\let \symbfsfup \mathbf \)
\(\newcommand {\symbfsfit }[1]{\boldsymbol {#1}}\)
\(\let \symup \mathrm \)
\(\let \symbf \mathbf \)
\(\let \symit \mathit \)
\(\let \symtt \mathtt \)
\(\let \symbffrac \mathbffrac \)
\(\newcommand {\mathfence }[1]{\mathord {#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathover }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathunder }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathaccent }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathbotaccent }[1]{#1}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathalpha }[1]{\mathord {#1}}\)
\(\def\upAlpha{\unicode{x0391}}\)
\(\def\upBeta{\unicode{x0392}}\)
\(\def\upGamma{\unicode{x0393}}\)
\(\def\upDigamma{\unicode{x03DC}}\)
\(\def\upDelta{\unicode{x0394}}\)
\(\def\upEpsilon{\unicode{x0395}}\)
\(\def\upZeta{\unicode{x0396}}\)
\(\def\upEta{\unicode{x0397}}\)
\(\def\upTheta{\unicode{x0398}}\)
\(\def\upVartheta{\unicode{x03F4}}\)
\(\def\upIota{\unicode{x0399}}\)
\(\def\upKappa{\unicode{x039A}}\)
\(\def\upLambda{\unicode{x039B}}\)
\(\def\upMu{\unicode{x039C}}\)
\(\def\upNu{\unicode{x039D}}\)
\(\def\upXi{\unicode{x039E}}\)
\(\def\upOmicron{\unicode{x039F}}\)
\(\def\upPi{\unicode{x03A0}}\)
\(\def\upVarpi{\unicode{x03D6}}\)
\(\def\upRho{\unicode{x03A1}}\)
\(\def\upSigma{\unicode{x03A3}}\)
\(\def\upTau{\unicode{x03A4}}\)
\(\def\upUpsilon{\unicode{x03A5}}\)
\(\def\upPhi{\unicode{x03A6}}\)
\(\def\upChi{\unicode{x03A7}}\)
\(\def\upPsi{\unicode{x03A8}}\)
\(\def\upOmega{\unicode{x03A9}}\)
\(\def\itAlpha{\unicode{x1D6E2}}\)
\(\def\itBeta{\unicode{x1D6E3}}\)
\(\def\itGamma{\unicode{x1D6E4}}\)
\(\def\itDigamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DC}}}\)
\(\def\itDelta{\unicode{x1D6E5}}\)
\(\def\itEpsilon{\unicode{x1D6E6}}\)
\(\def\itZeta{\unicode{x1D6E7}}\)
\(\def\itEta{\unicode{x1D6E8}}\)
\(\def\itTheta{\unicode{x1D6E9}}\)
\(\def\itVartheta{\unicode{x1D6F3}}\)
\(\def\itIota{\unicode{x1D6EA}}\)
\(\def\itKappa{\unicode{x1D6EB}}\)
\(\def\itLambda{\unicode{x1D6EC}}\)
\(\def\itMu{\unicode{x1D6ED}}\)
\(\def\itNu{\unicode{x1D6EE}}\)
\(\def\itXi{\unicode{x1D6EF}}\)
\(\def\itOmicron{\unicode{x1D6F0}}\)
\(\def\itPi{\unicode{x1D6F1}}\)
\(\def\itRho{\unicode{x1D6F2}}\)
\(\def\itSigma{\unicode{x1D6F4}}\)
\(\def\itTau{\unicode{x1D6F5}}\)
\(\def\itUpsilon{\unicode{x1D6F6}}\)
\(\def\itPhi{\unicode{x1D6F7}}\)
\(\def\itChi{\unicode{x1D6F8}}\)
\(\def\itPsi{\unicode{x1D6F9}}\)
\(\def\itOmega{\unicode{x1D6FA}}\)
\(\def\upalpha{\unicode{x03B1}}\)
\(\def\upbeta{\unicode{x03B2}}\)
\(\def\upvarbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\)
\(\def\upgamma{\unicode{x03B3}}\)
\(\def\updigamma{\unicode{x03DD}}\)
\(\def\updelta{\unicode{x03B4}}\)
\(\def\upepsilon{\unicode{x03F5}}\)
\(\def\upvarepsilon{\unicode{x03B5}}\)
\(\def\upzeta{\unicode{x03B6}}\)
\(\def\upeta{\unicode{x03B7}}\)
\(\def\uptheta{\unicode{x03B8}}\)
\(\def\upvartheta{\unicode{x03D1}}\)
\(\def\upiota{\unicode{x03B9}}\)
\(\def\upkappa{\unicode{x03BA}}\)
\(\def\upvarkappa{\unicode{x03F0}}\)
\(\def\uplambda{\unicode{x03BB}}\)
\(\def\upmu{\unicode{x03BC}}\)
\(\def\upnu{\unicode{x03BD}}\)
\(\def\upxi{\unicode{x03BE}}\)
\(\def\upomicron{\unicode{x03BF}}\)
\(\def\uppi{\unicode{x03C0}}\)
\(\def\upvarpi{\unicode{x03D6}}\)
\(\def\uprho{\unicode{x03C1}}\)
\(\def\upvarrho{\unicode{x03F1}}\)
\(\def\upsigma{\unicode{x03C3}}\)
\(\def\upvarsigma{\unicode{x03C2}}\)
\(\def\uptau{\unicode{x03C4}}\)
\(\def\upupsilon{\unicode{x03C5}}\)
\(\def\upphi{\unicode{x03D5}}\)
\(\def\upvarphi{\unicode{x03C6}}\)
\(\def\upchi{\unicode{x03C7}}\)
\(\def\uppsi{\unicode{x03C8}}\)
\(\def\upomega{\unicode{x03C9}}\)
\(\def\italpha{\unicode{x1D6FC}}\)
\(\def\itbeta{\unicode{x1D6FD}}\)
\(\def\itvarbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\)
\(\def\itgamma{\unicode{x1D6FE}}\)
\(\def\itdigamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DD}}}\)
\(\def\itdelta{\unicode{x1D6FF}}\)
\(\def\itepsilon{\unicode{x1D716}}\)
\(\def\itvarepsilon{\unicode{x1D700}}\)
\(\def\itzeta{\unicode{x1D701}}\)
\(\def\iteta{\unicode{x1D702}}\)
\(\def\ittheta{\unicode{x1D703}}\)
\(\def\itvartheta{\unicode{x1D717}}\)
\(\def\itiota{\unicode{x1D704}}\)
\(\def\itkappa{\unicode{x1D705}}\)
\(\def\itvarkappa{\unicode{x1D718}}\)
\(\def\itlambda{\unicode{x1D706}}\)
\(\def\itmu{\unicode{x1D707}}\)
\(\def\itnu{\unicode{x1D708}}\)
\(\def\itxi{\unicode{x1D709}}\)
\(\def\itomicron{\unicode{x1D70A}}\)
\(\def\itpi{\unicode{x1D70B}}\)
\(\def\itvarpi{\unicode{x1D71B}}\)
\(\def\itrho{\unicode{x1D70C}}\)
\(\def\itvarrho{\unicode{x1D71A}}\)
\(\def\itsigma{\unicode{x1D70E}}\)
\(\def\itvarsigma{\unicode{x1D70D}}\)
\(\def\ittau{\unicode{x1D70F}}\)
\(\def\itupsilon{\unicode{x1D710}}\)
\(\def\itphi{\unicode{x1D719}}\)
\(\def\itvarphi{\unicode{x1D711}}\)
\(\def\itchi{\unicode{x1D712}}\)
\(\def\itpsi{\unicode{x1D713}}\)
\(\def\itomega{\unicode{x1D714}}\)
\(\let \lparen (\)
\(\let \rparen )\)
\(\newcommand {\cuberoot }[1]{\,{}^3\!\!\sqrt {#1}}\,\)
\(\newcommand {\fourthroot }[1]{\,{}^4\!\!\sqrt {#1}}\,\)
\(\newcommand {\longdivision }[1]{\mathord {\unicode {x027CC}#1}}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathcomma }{,}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathcolon }{:}\)
\(\newcommand {\mathsemicolon }{;}\)
\(\newcommand {\overbracket }[1]{\mathinner {\overline {\ulcorner {#1}\urcorner }}}\)
\(\newcommand {\underbracket }[1]{\mathinner {\underline {\llcorner {#1}\lrcorner }}}\)
\(\newcommand {\overbar }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00305}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ovhook }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00309}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ocirc }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x0030A}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\candra }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00310}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\oturnedcomma }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00312}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\ocommatopright }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x00315}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\droang }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x0031A}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\leftharpoonaccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D0}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\rightharpoonaccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D1}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\vertoverlay }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D2}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\leftarrowaccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020D0}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\annuity }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020E7}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\widebridgeabove }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020E9}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\asteraccent }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020F0}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\threeunderdot }[1]{\mathord {#1\unicode {x020E8}}}\)
\(\newcommand {\Bbbsum }{\mathop {\unicode {x2140}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\oiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x222F}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\oiiint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2230}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2231}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\ointclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\ointctrclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2233}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\varointclockwise }{\mathop {\unicode {x2232}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\leftouterjoin }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D5}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\rightouterjoin }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D6}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\fullouterjoin }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D7}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigbot }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D8}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtop }{\mathop {\unicode {x27D9}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\xsol }{\mathop {\unicode {x29F8}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\xbsol }{\mathop {\unicode {x29F9}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigcupdot }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A03}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigsqcap }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A05}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\conjquant }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A07}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\disjquant }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A08}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtimes }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A09}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\modtwosum }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0A}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\sumint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0B}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intbar }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0D}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intBar }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0E}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\fint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A0F}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\cirfnint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A10}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\awint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A11}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\rppolint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A12}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\scpolint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A13}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\npolint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A14}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\pointint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A15}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\sqint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A16}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intlarhk }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A17}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intx }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A18}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intcap }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A19}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\intcup }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1A}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\upint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1B}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\lowint }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1C}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtriangleleft }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1E}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\zcmp }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A1F}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\zpipe }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A20}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\zproject }{\mathop {\unicode {x2A21}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\biginterleave }{\mathop {\unicode {x2AFC}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\bigtalloblong }{\mathop {\unicode {x2AFF}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\arabicmaj }{\mathop {\unicode {x1EEF0}}\limits }\)
\(\newcommand {\arabichad }{\mathop {\unicode {x1EEF1}}\limits }\)
\(\let \symsf \symsfup \)
\(\def\Alpha{\unicode{x0391}}\)
\(\def\Beta{\unicode{x0392}}\)
\(\def\Gamma{\unicode{x0393}}\)
\(\def\Digamma{\unicode{x03DC}}\)
\(\def\Delta{\unicode{x0394}}\)
\(\def\Epsilon{\unicode{x0395}}\)
\(\def\Zeta{\unicode{x0396}}\)
\(\def\Eta{\unicode{x0397}}\)
\(\def\Theta{\unicode{x0398}}\)
\(\def\Vartheta{\unicode{x03F4}}\)
\(\def\Iota{\unicode{x0399}}\)
\(\def\Kappa{\unicode{x039A}}\)
\(\def\Lambda{\unicode{x039B}}\)
\(\def\Mu{\unicode{x039C}}\)
\(\def\Nu{\unicode{x039D}}\)
\(\def\Xi{\unicode{x039E}}\)
\(\def\Omicron{\unicode{x039F}}\)
\(\def\Pi{\unicode{x03A0}}\)
\(\def\Varpi{\unicode{x03D6}}\)
\(\def\Rho{\unicode{x03A1}}\)
\(\def\Sigma{\unicode{x03A3}}\)
\(\def\Tau{\unicode{x03A4}}\)
\(\def\Upsilon{\unicode{x03A5}}\)
\(\def\Phi{\unicode{x03A6}}\)
\(\def\Chi{\unicode{x03A7}}\)
\(\def\Psi{\unicode{x03A8}}\)
\(\def\Omega{\unicode{x03A9}}\)
\(\def\alpha{\unicode{x1D6FC}}\)
\(\def\beta{\unicode{x1D6FD}}\)
\(\def\varbeta{\unicode{x03D0}}\)
\(\def\gamma{\unicode{x1D6FE}}\)
\(\def\digamma{\mathit{\unicode{x03DD}}}\)
\(\def\delta{\unicode{x1D6FF}}\)
\(\def\epsilon{\unicode{x1D716}}\)
\(\def\varepsilon{\unicode{x1D700}}\)
\(\def\zeta{\unicode{x1D701}}\)
\(\def\eta{\unicode{x1D702}}\)
\(\def\theta{\unicode{x1D703}}\)
\(\def\vartheta{\unicode{x1D717}}\)
\(\def\iota{\unicode{x1D704}}\)
\(\def\kappa{\unicode{x1D705}}\)
\(\def\varkappa{\unicode{x1D718}}\)
\(\def\lambda{\unicode{x1D706}}\)
\(\def\mu{\unicode{x1D707}}\)
\(\def\nu{\unicode{x1D708}}\)
\(\def\xi{\unicode{x1D709}}\)
\(\def\omicron{\unicode{x1D70A}}\)
\(\def\pi{\unicode{x1D70B}}\)
\(\def\varpi{\unicode{x1D71B}}\)
\(\def\rho{\unicode{x1D70C}}\)
\(\def\varrho{\unicode{x1D71A}}\)
\(\def\sigma{\unicode{x1D70E}}\)
\(\def\varsigma{\unicode{x1D70D}}\)
\(\def\tau{\unicode{x1D70F}}\)
\(\def\upsilon{\unicode{x1D710}}\)
\(\def\phi{\unicode{x1D719}}\)
\(\def\varphi{\unicode{x1D711}}\)
\(\def\chi{\unicode{x1D712}}\)
\(\def\psi{\unicode{x1D713}}\)
\(\def\omega{\unicode{x1D714}}\)
This exam has 11 questions, for a total of 100 points and X bonus points. Place your name on the answersheet (last page). Place proofs on the blank space on the answersheet. Good luck!
Writing the abbreviation (e.g., \(\forall I\)) for the single derivation rule that is represented in the following:
Q1. Starting from \((\exists x)Fx\), suppose \(Fa\) is assumed. Next, suppose \(\phi \) is derived in the subproof starting with \(Fa\). Finally, suppose \(\phi \) is deprived using \((\exists x)Fx\) and the entire subproof. --- Answer: \(\exists E\)
Q2. \(\neg Qab\wedge Pa \vdash (\exists z)(\neg Qzb\wedge Pz)\) --- Answer: \(\exists I\)
Q3. \((\forall z)(Fz\wedge \neg Fz)\vdash Fd\rightarrow \neg Fd\) --- Answer: \(\forall E\)
Q4. From \(Qc\wedge Fc\) to \((\forall y)(Qy\wedge Fy)\) provided (1) \(c\) is not in a premise or in an assumption of an active subproof and (2) \(c\) is not in \((\forall y)(Qy\wedge Fy)\)? --- Answer: \(\forall I\)
Q5. \(\neg (\forall z)Fz\vdash (\exists z)\neg Fz\) --- Answer: \(QN\)
Provide proofs for the following:
Q6. \((\exists x)Fx\rightarrow (\forall y) By, Fa\vdash Ba\)
--- Answer: \((\exists x)Fx\rightarrow (\forall y) By, Fa\vdash Ba\)
Q7. \(Faa, (\forall x)(\forall y)Lxy\)
\(\vdash (\exists z)(\exists x)Lzx\)
--- Answer: \(Faa, (\forall x)(\forall y)Lxy\vdash (\exists z)(\exists x)Lzx\)
Q8. \((\exists x)\neg Mx\vdash (\exists y)(My\lor \neg Py)\)
--- Answer: \((\exists x)\neg Mx\vdash (\exists y)(My\lor \neg Py)\)
Q9. \(\vdash (\forall x)(Lxx\rightarrow (Gx\rightarrow Lxx))\) --- Answer: \(\vdash (\forall x)(Lxx\rightarrow (Gx\rightarrow Lxx))\)
Q10. \(\vdash (\forall x)(Lxx\rightarrow (Gx\rightarrow Lxx))\)
--- Answer: \(\vdash (\forall x)(Lxx\rightarrow (Gx\rightarrow Lxx))\)
Translate the following arguments and then provide a proof of the conclusion from the premises. In some cases, part of the argument will be provided for you.
Q11. Some Penn State students are good logicians (\((\exists x)(Px\land Gx)\)). All good logicians are smart. Therefore, some Penn State students are smart.
--- Answer: Translation: \((\exists x)(Px\land Gx), (\forall x)(Gx\to Sx)\vdash (\exists x)(Px\land Sx)\)
Bonus questions. Totally optional.
Bonus Question: Let \(=\) be a new operator in QL such that \(\alpha =\alpha \) is a wff, where \(\alpha \) is a QL name. Now let \(=E\) be a derivation rule such that from \(\alpha =\beta \) and a wff \(\phi \) containing \(\alpha \) (or \(\beta \)), you may
substitute \(\alpha \) for \(\beta \) in \(\phi \) or \(\beta \) for \(\alpha \). In other words, \(a=b, \phi \vdash \phi (a/b)\) or \(a=b, \phi \vdash \phi (b/a)\). With this in mind, prove \(a=b, b=c, Pa\vdash Pc\). Bonus Question: Free point. If you are
reading this, it was very nice to have you in my class.
Derivation rules
Definition 1: Conjunction Introduction \(\wedge I\).
\(\phi , \psi \vdash \phi \wedge \psi \) or \(\phi , \psi \vdash \psi \wedge \phi \)
Definition 2: Conjunction Elimination (\(\wedge E\)).
\(\phi \wedge \psi \vdash \phi \) or \(\phi \wedge \psi \vdash \psi \)
Definition 3: Conditional Introduction (\(\rightarrow I\)).
Definition 4: Conditional Elimination (\(\rightarrow E\)).
\(\phi \rightarrow \psi , \phi \vdash \psi \)
Definition 5: Reiteration (R).
\(\phi \vdash \phi \)
Definition 6: Negation Introduction (\(\neg I\)).
Definition 7: Negation Elimination (\(\neg E\)).
Definition 8: Disjunction Introduction (\(\vee I\)).
\(\phi \vdash \phi \vee \psi \) or \(\phi \vdash \psi \vee \phi \)
Definition 9: Disjunction Elimination (\(\vee E\)).
Definition 10: Biconditional Introduction (\(\leftrightarrow I\)).
Definition 11: Biconditional Elimination (\(\leftrightarrow E\)).
\(\phi \leftrightarrow \psi , \phi \vdash \psi \) or \(\phi \leftrightarrow \psi , \psi \vdash \phi \)
Definition 12: Disjunctive Syllogism (DS).
\(\phi \vee \psi , \neg (\psi ) \vdash \phi \) or \(\phi \vee \psi , \neg (\phi ) \vdash \psi \)
Definition 13: Modus Tollens (MT).
\(\phi \rightarrow \psi , \neg (\psi ) \vdash \neg (\phi )\)
Definition 14: Hypothetical Syllogism (HS).
\(\phi \rightarrow \psi , \psi \rightarrow \chi \vdash \phi \rightarrow \chi \)
Definition 15: Double Negation (DN).
\(\phi \dashv \vdash \neg \neg (\phi )\)
Definition 16: De Morgan's Laws (DeM).
\(\neg (\phi \vee \psi ) \dashv \vdash \neg (\phi )\wedge \neg (\psi )\) or \(\neg (\phi \wedge \psi ) \dashv \vdash \neg (\phi )\vee \neg (\psi ) \)
Definition 17: Implication (IMP).
\(\phi \rightarrow \psi \dashv \vdash \neg (\phi ) \vee \psi \)
Definition 18: Universal Elimination (\(\forall E\)).
\((\forall x)\phi (x_1\ldots x_n) \vdash \phi (\alpha _1\ldots \alpha _n / x_1\ldots x_n)\) where \(x\) is not in \(\phi (\alpha _1\ldots \alpha _n)\)
Definition 19: Existential Introduction (\(\exists I\)).
\(\phi (\alpha _i) \vdash (\exists x)\phi (x_n / \alpha _n)\) where \(x\) is not in \(\phi (\alpha _i)\)
Definition 20: Universal Introduction \((\forall I)\).
\(\phi (\alpha _1 \ldots \alpha _n)\vdash (\forall x)\phi (x_1 \ldots x_n / \alpha _1, \ldots \alpha _n)\) where the name \(\alpha \) does not occur as premise, as an assumption in an open subproof, or in \((\forall x)\phi (x_1 \ldots x_n/\alpha
_1, \ldots \alpha _n)\) and where \(x\) is not in \(\phi (\alpha _1 \ldots \alpha _n)\)
Definition 21: Existential Elimination (\(\exists E\)).
Definition 22: Quantifier Negation \((QN)\).
\(\neg (\forall x)\phi \dashv \vdash (\exists x)\neg \phi \) or \(\neg (\exists x)\phi \dashv \vdash (\forall x)\neg \phi \)